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Olfactory imprinting in sheep
・ Olfactory indicators
・ Olfactory marker protein
・ Olfactory mechanisms of kin recognition
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Olfactory imprinting in sheep : ウィキペディア英語版
Olfactory imprinting in sheep
Imprinting is most often used to describe an early-life bond that can later affect an animal’s mate choice. More broadly, the term refers to a rapid and selective learning process that only can occur during certain times in an animal’s life. In sheep, ewes having just given birth imprint onto their lambs on the basis of olfactory cues, allowing mothers to distinguish their own offspring from other lambs in the flock. This olfactory-based imprinting is dependent on a ewe’s behavior after giving birth, on the presence of amniotic fluid, and on a specialized odor-influenced learning process which allows the ewe to quickly memorize the smell of her offspring, to whom she then forms an exclusive maternal bond.
== Bonding and selective attachment ==

Some species of mammals show selective maternal bond between mother and infant. This type of bonding is characterized by an exclusive relationship; selective mothers will not provide maternal care to young with which they have not formed a bond.〔Nowak, R., Keller, M & Lévy, F., 2011. Mother-young relationships in sheep: a model for a multidisciplinary approach of the study of attachment in mammals. Journal of neuroendocrinology, (1), p.1042-1053.〕
Domesticated sheep, ''Ovis aries'', are one such mammal, forming a strong and exclusive bond with their young. In sheep, olfaction, the sense of smell, plays a vital role in the establishment of the exclusive bond, though other senses, particularly sight and to an extent hearing, are involved as well.〔Dwyer, C.M., 2008. Genetic and physiological determinants of maternal behavior and lamb survival: implications for low-input sheep management. Journal of animal science, 86(14 Suppl), p.E246-58.〕
This bonding process appears to operate in the same fashion in wild and feral sheep populations (Genus ‘’Ovis’’, various species) as in domesticated breeds, though wild and feral populations have received less study.〔Shackleton, D. & Shank, C., 1984. A review of the social behavior of feral and wild sheep and goats. Journal of Animal Science, 58(2), p.500.〕
Sheep are ideal for studying attachment because there are ethical and logistic difficulties that limit laboratory and research use of most other species known to develop selective mother-young social relationships, namely seals, primates, and other ungulates.
Additionally, domestic sheep are common worldwide, easily bred and handled, and well-understood in terms of behavior and natural history, providing a solid base for more intricate study.〔 Olfaction plays a role in responsiveness, as most non-maternal animals find the smell of infants and amniotic fluid repulsive, while in maternal animals, those with the appropriate hormone profiles, these same smells increase maternal responsiveness.〔Sèbe, F. et al., 2010. Early vocal recognition of mother by lambs: contribution of low- and high-frequency vocalizations. Animal Behaviour, 79(5), p.1055-1066.〕
Maternal care is rarely selective, particularly outside of ruminant species. Most animals displaying maternal instincts will care for any infant introduced to the nest. In contrast to this, selective mothers form bonds to specific individual young and will show maternal responsiveness only to these young. In sheep, young to whom the ewe is not maternally bonded will be received with aggression, generally head-butting and turning in circles away from the lamb.〔Lévy, F., Keller, M & Poindron, P, 2004. Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in mammals. Hormones and behavior, 46(3), p.284-302.〕 Another feature of this maternally selective bond is that it is difficult to break, and very difficult to establish new bonds outside of the period immediately surrounding parturition.〔Poindron, Pascal, Lévy, F. & Keller, Matthieu, 2007. Maternal responsiveness and maternal selectivity in domestic sheep and goats: the two facets of maternal attachment. Developmental Psychobiology, 49(1), p.54–70.〕

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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